Question 1

What is the difference between a pen test and a vulnerability assessment?

Accepted Answer

A vulnerability assessment identifies and lists security weaknesses in a system using automated tools but does not attempt exploitation. A penetration test goes further by actively attempting to exploit those weaknesses to determine their real-world impact. Vulnerability assessments focus on discovery, while penetration tests validate actual risk. Both are necessary in a mature security program and serve different purposes at different cadences.

Question 2

How long does a penetration test take?

Accepted Answer

Most penetration tests take between one and three weeks of active testing, depending on the scope and complexity of the environment. Small web applications may require only a few days, while enterprise-wide assessments covering multiple applications and internal network infrastructure can take several weeks. Reporting and remediation guidance add additional time, so a full engagement from kickoff to final report delivery typically spans three to six weeks.

Question 3

Is penetration testing legal?

Accepted Answer

Yes, when conducted with explicit written authorization from the system owner. Unauthorized penetration testing is illegal in most jurisdictions under computer fraud and abuse laws. All legitimate penetration tests begin with a signed scope agreement and rules of engagement that define exactly what is permitted. Testing cloud environments may additionally require authorization from the cloud provider.

Question 4

Can I perform penetration testing myself?

Accepted Answer

Internal teams can perform basic vulnerability scanning and limited penetration testing with appropriate training and tools. However, objectivity limitations are real, as internal teams may unconsciously avoid testing systems they built or maintain. For compliance purposes, most frameworks require third-party testing by an independent qualified assessor. For critical systems, external testing is strongly recommended. Combining internal reviews with external testing generally produces the most comprehensive coverage.

Question 5

What certifications do penetration testers need?

Accepted Answer

There is no single mandatory certification, but credentials such as OSCP (Offensive Security Certified Professional), CEH (Certified Ethical Hacker), GPEN, and GWAPT are widely recognized. These certifications demonstrate technical knowledge and testing methodology. Practical experience, bug bounty achievements, and real-world security work are also highly valued by employers and clients evaluating testers.

Question 6

How much does a penetration test cost?

Accepted Answer

Penetration test pricing varies significantly based on scope, environment complexity, and the type of assessment. A focused external web application test for a small environment may start in the low thousands, while a comprehensive internal and external assessment of an enterprise environment can run into tens of thousands. The most useful comparison point is cost against the average breach cost, which IBM's 2024 research puts at $4.88 million. The return on proactive testing is rarely difficult to justify once that number is considered.

Penetration Testing Guide | How Ethical Hackers Find Vulnerabilities First